Chapter 3, A.R. William’s “Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues” Summary, Theme, Important Passages, MCQs, Chapter Exercises and Question Answers.

Chapter 3- Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues by A.R. Williams:

Next: Poems- “The Laburnum Top” by Ted Hughes, “The Voice of the Rain” by Walt Whitman

Vocabulary:

• Amulets: Ornaments or small pieces of jewellery thought to protect against evil, danger, or disease.
• Antiquities: Relics or artefacts from ancient times.
• Aftermath: The consequences or aftereffects of a significant unpleasant event.
• Collars: Here refers to ornamental necklaces.
• Conjecture: An opinion or conclusion formed based on incomplete information.
• Cramped: Confined or crowded in a small space.
• Craned: Stretch out one’s body or neck to see something.
• Devils: Here, referring to whirlwinds or small tornadoes made of dust.
• Futile: Incapable of producing any valid result; pointless.
• Ghostly: Of or relating to ghosts or the spirit world; eerie.
• Hieroglyphs: A system of writing using symbols or pictures, mainly as used in ancient Egypt.
• Intriguing: Arousing one’s curiosity or interest; fascinating.
• Inventory: Complete list of items such as property, goods in stock, or the contents of a building.
• Murals: Large paintings applied directly to walls or ceilings.
• Orion: is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible worldwide. In ancient Egyptian mythology, it was associated with Osiris, the god of the afterlife.
• Pallbearers: People who carry the coffin at a funeral.
• Pharaoh’s curse: The supposed curse that would bring death or misfortune to those who disturbed the tomb of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh.
• Pondering: Thinking about (something) carefully, especially before deciding or reaching a conclusion.
• Predecessor: A person who held a job or office before the current holder.
• Ransacked: Go hurriedly through (a place), stealing things and causing damage.
• Regally: In a manner befitting a king or queen; majestically.
• Resins: Sticky substances produced by certain plants that harden upon exposure to air.
• Restoration: Returning something to a former owner, place, or condition.
• Severed: Cut off (something, especially a body part) from the whole.
• Trailer: A vehicle towed behind another, transporting goods or people.
• Transection: Cutting across or dividing something, especially a body part or structure.

Following is the list of terms with meanings inferred from the chapter.

• Forensic reconstruction: Refers to using scientific methods and evidence to recreate or reconstruct a past event or situation. In the context of the text, it likely pertains to the reconstruction of King Tut’s physical appearance or events surrounding his death using forensic techniques and evidence gathered from his remains.

• Funerary treasures: Valuable items or artefacts buried with the deceased as part of funeral rituals or customs. The term refers to the valuable items buried alongside King Tut in his tomb, including gold artefacts, jewellery, and other objects intended for his use in the afterlife.

• Scudded across: “Scudded” implies a rapid and low movement of the clouds driven by the wind. It suggests that dark-bellied clouds moved swiftly across the desert sky.

• Circumvented: To “circumvent” means to find a way around an obstacle or problem. In the context of the text, it likely refers to how Howard Carter, the archaeologist, had to find a way to prevent thieves from accessing King Tut’s tomb and stealing its treasures.

• Casket grey: This phrase describes the colour of the clouds that veiled the stars in the sky. The term “casket grey” implies a dull, sombre shade of grey, evoking the imagery of a funeral casket or coffin, often associated with sadness and mourning.

• Computed tomography: A medical imaging technique that uses multiple X-ray images from different angles to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body’s internal structures. In the text context, it scans King Tut’s mummy to gather information about his life and death.

• Resurrection in eerie detail: This phrase suggests that the computed tomography (CT) scan of King Tut’s remains revealed intricate details about his physical condition and appearance. The word “eerie” implies that the details uncovered by the scan may be unsettling or mysterious, adding to the intrigue surrounding King Tut’s life and death.

Summary “Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues”:

In “Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues” by A.R. Williams, the famous mummy of King Tutankhamun undergoes a CT scan in 2005, shedding light on the mysteries surrounding his life and death. The mummy, damaged during Howard Carter’s 1922 discovery, prompts questions about Tut’s demise at a young age and the circumstances of his burial. The article delves into the historical context, detailing the upheavals in ancient Egypt, including the reign of Tut’s predecessors. The CT scan reveals new insights into Tut’s anatomy, and the article concludes with a sense of relief after technical challenges during the procedure. The narrative combines archaeological intrigue with modern scientific methods to unravel the enigma of King Tut.

Theme “Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues”:

The excerpt explores ancient history and the mysteries surrounding figures like King Tutankhamun. Several sub-themes emerge:

• Archaeological Discovery and Exploration: Howard Carter’s discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 is significant in archaeological history. The excerpt details the process of uncovering Tutankhamun’s remains and the subsequent scientific examination, highlighting the evolving techniques and technologies used in archaeological research.

• Mystery and Intrigue: The excerpt delves into the mysteries surrounding Tutankhamun’s life and death and the events of ancient Egypt’s Eighteenth Dynasty. Speculation about the circumstances of Tutankhamun’s demise, the brief reigns of other pharaohs, and the religious and political upheavals add intrigue to the narrative.

• Legacy and Cultural Significance: Tutankhamun’s legacy reverberates throughout history, as evidenced by the global fascination with ancient Egypt and its rulers. The meticulous preservation of Tutankhamun’s tomb treasures reflects the cultural significance of royal burials and the belief in an afterlife.

• Technological Advancement and Scientific Inquiry: Modern medical technology, such as CT scanning, highlights the importance of scientific inquiry in unravelling historical mysteries. The application of computed tomography allows researchers to gain new insights into Tutankhamun’s life and death, demonstrating the intersection of archaeology and cutting-edge scientific methods.

Speculations about King Tut, as mentioned in “Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues by A.R. Williams:

• Murder is the most extreme possibility surrounding his death.

• Questions regarding how he died and how old he was at the time of his death.

• Speculation about the pharaoh’s curse suggests death or misfortune falling upon those who disturb his tomb.

• Contemplation by visitors about Tut’s untimely death in his late teens.

• The mystery surrounding his death, considering he was the last heir of his family’s line and his funeral marked the end of a dynasty.

• Speculation about the circumstances leading to Tut’s unexpected death, considering the tumultuous political and religious environment of his time.

• Tutankhamun’s death could be linked to his father or grandfather’s reign and the radical changes initiated by Akhenaten, which led to a tumultuous period in ancient Egypt’s history.

• The unexpected nature of Tut’s death, considering he reigned for only about nine years before his demise.

• The mystery surrounding the short reign of a ruler named Smenkhkare, who appeared briefly after Akhenaten’s death and left little trace.

Important Lines/Passages “Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues”: 

1. “He was just a teenager when he died.” This line highlights the youth of King Tutankhamun at the time of his death. Despite his age, Tutankhamun held significant power as a pharaoh in ancient Egypt.

2. “Since the discovery of his tomb in 1922, the modern world has speculated about what happened to him, with murder being the most extreme possibility.” This line emphasises the historical and archaeological significance of Howard Carter’s 1922 discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb. It also highlights the mystery surrounding Tutankhamun’s death and the various speculations, including the possibility of murder.

3. “Now, leaving his tomb for the first time in almost 80 years, Tut has undergone a CT scan that offers new clues about his life and death — and provides precise data for an accurate forensic reconstruction of the boyish pharaoh.” Describes the groundbreaking event of Tutankhamun’s mummy undergoing a CT scan after almost 80 years of remaining undisturbed in his tomb. The CT scan is expected to reveal new insights into Tutankhamun’s life, death, and health, allowing for a more accurate understanding and forensic reconstruction of the ancient pharaoh.

4. “An angry wind stirred up ghostly dust devils as King Tut was taken from his resting place in the ancient Egyptian cemetery known as the Valley of the Kings.” This line sets the scene for the momentous occasion of Tutankhamun’s mummy being transported from his tomb in the Valley of the Kings for the CT scan. The description of the wind and dust devils adds a dramatic element to the event.

5. “The world’s most famous mummy glided head first into a CT scanner brought here to probe the lingering medical mysteries of this little understood young ruler who died more than 3,300 years ago.” This line captures the significance of Tutankhamun’s mummy undergoing a CT scan to unravel the medical mysteries surrounding his life and death. It emphasises the historical importance of Tutankhamun and the efforts to gain new insights into his story through modern technology.

6. “All afternoon the usual line of tourists from around the world had descended into the cramped, rock-cut tomb some 26 feet underground to pay their respects.” Tourists worldwide descended into Tutankhamun’s rock-cut tomb, 26 feet underground, paying respects to the young pharaoh. This scene reflects the enduring global fascination with ancient Egyptian history and the cultural significance of Tutankhamun.

7. “The mummy is in very bad condition because of what Carter did in the 1920s.” Tutankhamun’s mummy suffered significant damage due to Howard Carter’s actions during the 1920s excavation. Carter’s excavation methods contributed to the mummy’s current poor condition.

8. “Its contents, though hastily ransacked in antiquity, were surprisingly complete.” Despite signs of ancient looting, Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamun’s tomb contents in 1922. They were surprisingly intact and provided valuable insights into ancient Egyptian burial practices.

9. “For his journey to the great beyond, King Tut was lavished with glittering goods: precious collars, inlaid necklaces and bracelets, rings, amulets, a ceremonial apron, sandals, sheaths for his fingers and toes, and the now iconic inner coffin and mask — all of pure gold.” Lavished with a plethora of golden items such as collars, necklaces, bracelets, rings, amulets, and even a gold inner coffin and mask, Tutankhamun’s burial reflects the wealth and status of the young pharaoh in ancient Egyptian society.

10. “Archaeology has changed substantially in the intervening decades, focusing less on treasure and more on the fascinating details of life and intriguing mysteries of death.” Archaeology has undergone significant changes, shifting its focus from mere treasure hunting to a more comprehensive exploration of the intricate details of ancient life and the mysteries surrounding death. This evolution has been evident since the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922.

11. “Today diagnostic imaging can be done with computed tomography, or CT, by which hundreds of X-rays in cross section are put together like slices of bread to create a three-dimensional virtual body.” CT imaging, or computed tomography, revolutionises diagnostic imaging by compiling hundreds of X-ray images into cross-sectional slices, akin to slices of bread, to generate a detailed three-dimensional representation of the body. This advanced imaging technique enables precise examination of Tutankhamun’s remains, offering insights into his life and death previously inaccessible through traditional methods.

12. “King Tut’s demise was a big event, even by royal standards.” Tutankhamun’s death was a significant event, even in royal history. As the last heir of a powerful dynasty, his passing marked the end of an era in ancient Egypt. The circumstances surrounding his demise remain a subject of intrigue and scholarly debate, highlighting the historical importance of his reign and subsequent death.

13. “After Akhenaten’s death, a mysterious ruler named Smenkhkare appeared briefly and exited with hardly a trace.” Following the death of Akhenaten, Tutankhamun’s predecessor, a mysterious ruler named Smenkhkare briefly emerged but left little historical trace. Smenkhkare’s fleeting appearance adds to the enigmatic narrative surrounding the transition of power and religious upheaval during this tumultuous period in ancient Egyptian history.

14. “The boy king soon changed his name to Tutankhamun, ‘living image of Amun,’ and oversaw a restoration of the old ways.” Tutankhamun, initially named Tutankhaten, meaning ‘living image of Aten,’ subsequently changed his name to Tutankhamun, reflecting a restoration of the traditional polytheistic worship centred around the god Amun. This symbolic gesture signalled a return to established religious practices, highlighting Tutankhamun’s efforts to restore stability and continuity in ancient Egypt.

15. “Regardless of his fame and the speculations about his fate, Tut is one mummy among many in Egypt.” Despite the widespread fame and speculation surrounding Tutankhamun’s life and fate, he is just one among many mummies in Egypt. This acknowledgement highlights the vast historical and archaeological richness of Egypt’s ancient civilisation, where countless individuals from various epochs are interred, each with their own stories and mysteries waiting to be uncovered.

16. “A CT machine scanned the mummy head to toe, creating 1,700 digital X-ray images in cross section.” Tutankhamun’s mummy underwent a comprehensive CT scan from head to toe, generating a remarkable 1,700 digital X-ray images in cross-section. This advanced imaging technique facilitated a detailed examination of the pharaoh’s remains, providing valuable insights into his anatomy and potential causes of death.

17. “The night of the scan, workmen carried Tut from the tomb in his box.” On the night of the scan, workers carefully transported Tutankhamun’s mummy in a protective box from his tomb. This significant event marked the temporary removal of the pharaoh’s remains from their resting place for scientific examination.

18. “Eventually the substitute fans worked well enough to finish the procedure.” Despite initial challenges with the CT scanner, substitute fans were eventually employed and effectively overcame technical difficulties. This ensured the successful completion of the scanning procedure, allowing researchers to obtain critical data regarding Tutankhamun’s health and physical condition.

19. “Sitting back in his chair, Zahi Hawass smiled, visibly relieved that nothing had gone seriously wrong.” Zahi Hawass, a prominent figure in Egyptology, expressed visible relief and satisfaction upon the completion of Tutankhamun’s CT scan. His smile reflected the reassurance that the procedure had proceeded without significant complications, alleviating any concerns about potential mishaps or setbacks.

20. “By the time we left the trailer, descending metal stairs to the sandy ground, the wind had stopped.” As the researchers departed from the trailer where Tutankhamun’s scan took place, they descended metal stairs to the sandy ground under a calm atmosphere. The cessation of the wind symbolised a serene conclusion to the event, contrasting with the earlier turbulent weather during the mummy’s transportation and scanning process.

Question Answers “Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues”: 

Understanding the text:

(Factual comprehension: giving reasons, listing)

Q1: Give reasons for the following.

(i) King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny.

• Scholars, archaeologists, and scientists have repeatedly scrutinised King Tut’s body due to the mysteries surrounding his life and death and his significance in ancient Egyptian history. They have been interested in uncovering more details about him, including how he lived and died and what his reign meant for Egypt.

(ii) Howard Carter’s investigation was resented.

• Some resented Howard Carter’s investigation because they saw him as disrupting the sanctity of the tomb and desecrating the pharaoh’s resting place. Some considered his methods, including forcefully chiselling away the solidified resins that held Tut’s body in place, controversial and disrespectful.

(iii) Carter had to chisel away the solidified resins to raise the king’s remains.

• Carter had to chisel away the solidified resins to raise the king’s remains because the resins had hardened and cemented Tut to the bottom of his solid gold coffin. This made it possible to lift Tut’s body by removing the hardened material first.

(iv) Tut’s body was buried along with gilded treasures.

• Tut’s body was buried with gilded treasures because ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife and wanted to ensure that the deceased had everything they needed for their journey into eternity. Gold was considered a symbol of eternity and was believed to guarantee resurrection in the afterlife.

(v) The boy king changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun.

• The boy king changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun to reflect his return to the traditional worship of Amun, an important god in ancient Egyptian religion. His name change symbolised his rejection of the religious reforms initiated by his predecessor, Akhenaten, and his restoration of the old ways of worship.

Q2: (i) List the deeds that led Ray Johnson to describe Akhenaten as “wacky”.

A: Ray Johnson described Akhenaten as “wacky” due to the following deeds:

• Promoting the worship of the Aten, the sun disk.

• Changing his name to Akhenaten, or ‘servant of the Aten.’

• Moving the religious capital from the old city of Thebes to the new city of Akhetaten (Amarna).

• Attacking Amun, a major god, smashing his images, and closing his temples.

(ii) What were the results of the CT scan?

• The results of the CT scan revealed detailed images of Tut’s body, including his head, neck vertebrae, rib cage, and skull. The scan provided intricate information about Tut’s physical structure and potential insights into his life and death.

(iii) List the advances in technology that have improved forensic analysis.

A: Advances in technology that have improved forensic analysis include:

• Computed tomography (CT) scanning.

• Portable CT machines.

• Sophisticated imaging software.

• High-resolution digital X-rays.

• Three-dimensional virtual body reconstructions.

(iv) Explain the statement, “King Tut is one of the first mummies to be scanned — in death, as in life…”

• The statement “King Tut is one of the first mummies to be scanned — in death, as in life…” highlights the significance of Tutankhamun being among the early mummies to undergo CT scanning. It emphasises the irony that even in death, Tutankhamun continues to be a pioneer, leading the way for advancements in technology and scientific analysis, much like he did during his reign in ancient Egypt.

Talking about the text:

(Debate on issues raised in the text related to rediscovering history with the help of technology; respect for traditions (reflection on issues))

Discuss the following in groups of two pairs, each pair in a group taking opposite points of view.

Sample Outline:

1: Scientific intervention is necessary to unearth buried mysteries.

Pro:

• Scientific intervention, such as archaeological excavations and advanced imaging techniques, allows us to uncover hidden artefacts and understand historical contexts.

• It helps researchers to explore ancient civilisations and unravel mysteries that have puzzled historians for centuries.

Con:

• Scientific intervention can sometimes lead to the destruction of historical sites and artefacts if not conducted carefully.

• There is a risk of cultural insensitivity and ethical concerns when intervening in sacred or culturally significant sites.

2: Advanced technology gives us conclusive evidence of past events.

Pro:

• Advanced technology, such as carbon dating and DNA analysis, provides precise data and conclusive evidence about historical events and timelines.

• It allows researchers to corroborate historical accounts and validate hypotheses with empirical evidence.

Con:

• Technology can only provide evidence based on the available data and interpretation, which may only sometimes be conclusive.

• Interpretation of technological findings can vary, leading to differing conclusions about past events.

3: Traditions, rituals and funerary practices must be respected.

Pro:

• Respecting traditions and rituals honours the cultural heritage and beliefs of past civilisations.

• It fosters cultural sensitivity and understanding among communities and promotes tolerance and inclusivity.

Con:

• Unquestioningly, adhering to traditions without critical examination may hinder progress and perpetuate harmful practices.

• Some traditions and rituals may conflict with modern values and human rights principles, necessitating careful consideration and potential adaptation.

4: Knowledge about the past is useful to complete our knowledge of the world we live in.

Pro:

• Understanding history provides valuable insights into human behaviour, societal development, and cultural diversity.

• It allows us to learn from past mistakes, make informed decisions in the present, and shape a better future for future generations.

Con:

• Excessive focus on the past may divert attention and resources from addressing contemporary issues.

• History is often subjective and open to interpretation, leading to conflicting narratives and biases in understanding the world.

Thinking about language:

(Extinction of language and language preservation.)

1: Read the following piece of information from The Encyclopedia of Language by David Crystal.

“Egyptian is now extinct: its history dates from before the third millennium B.C., preserved in many hieroglyphic inscriptions and papyrus manuscripts. Around the second century A.D., it developed into a language known as Coptic. Coptic may still have been used as late as the early nineteenth century and is still used as a religious language by Monophysite Christians in Egypt.”

Q2: What do you think are the reasons for the extinction of Languages?

A2: Reasons for the extinction of languages can vary but may include:

• Displacement of speakers due to migration or colonisation.

• Political and social marginalisation of linguistic communities.

• Economic globalisation led to the dominance of major languages.

• Lack of intergenerational transmission due to language shift.

• Cultural assimilation and pressure to adopt dominant languages.

Q3: Do you think it is important to preserve languages?

A3: It is essential to preserve languages for several reasons:

• Linguistic diversity enriches human culture and heritage.

• Each language embodies unique ways of thinking, expressing ideas, and understanding the world.

• Language is closely tied to identity and community cohesion.

• Preserving languages helps maintain cultural traditions, folklore, and oral histories.

• Linguistic diversity contributes to scientific, linguistic, and historical research.

Q4: In what ways do you think we could help prevent the extinction of languages and dialects?

A4: Ways to prevent the extinction of languages and dialects include:

• Documenting endangered languages through recordings, dictionaries, and written materials.

• Supporting language revitalisation efforts within communities through education, media, and cultural programs.

• Promoting multilingualism and language diversity in education and public discourse.

• Encouraging language maintenance within families and communities through intergenerational transmission.

• Advocating for policies that recognise and protect linguistic rights and promote diversity.

• Collaborating with linguistic communities to develop strategies for language preservation and revitalisation.

• Raising awareness about the value of linguistic diversity and the importance of preserving endangered languages.

Working with words:

(Understanding adjectival collocations; common medical terms.)

Q1: Given below are some interesting combinations of words. Explain why they have been used together.

A1: The following is an explanation for each of the interesting combinations of words:

1. Ghostly dust devils:

• “Ghostly” describes the eerie or supernatural quality of the dust devils, implying that they appear otherworldly or mysterious.

• “Dust devils” are whirlwinds or mini-tornadoes formed of dust, typically in desert areas. The combination creates a vivid image of swirling, spectral phenomena.

2. Desert sky:

• “Desert” indicates the location or context, suggesting an arid, open environment.

• “Sky” refers to the expanse of the atmosphere above. Together, they evoke the vast, often clear or hazy expanse of sky typical of desert landscapes.

3. Stunning artefacts:

• “Stunning” conveys the impressive, breathtaking quality of the artefacts, suggesting they are visually striking or remarkable.

• “Artefacts” refers to objects of historical, cultural, or artistic significance. The combination emphasises the beauty and impact of the objects being described.

4. Funerary treasures:

• “Funerary” relates to funeral rites or ceremonies, suggesting these treasures are associated with burial or the afterlife.

• “Treasures” implies that the objects hold significant monetary, cultural, or symbolic value to the deceased or their culture.

5. Scientific detachment:

• “Scientific” pertains to the methodology or approach of science, implying objectivity, analysis, and systematic inquiry.

• “Detachment” suggests a sense of emotional or personal separation, indicating a dispassionate or objective viewpoint. The combination describes an impartial and analytical approach to study or observation.

6. Dark-bellied clouds:

• “Dark-bellied” describes the underside or lower part of the clouds, suggesting they are heavy with moisture and potentially laden with precipitation.

• “Clouds” refers to masses of water vapour visible in the atmosphere. The combination emphasises the colour and density of the clouds, possibly indicating an impending storm or change in weather.

7. Casket grey:

• “Casket” refers to a coffin or burial container.

• “Grey” describes the colour of the sky, suggesting a sombre, overcast atmosphere often associated with funerals or mourning.

8. Eternal brilliance:

• “Eternal” suggests something everlasting or timeless.

• “Brilliance” refers to brightness, radiance, or exceptional quality. Together, they imply a perpetual, dazzling quality, often associated with precious metals or divine attributes.

9. Ritual resins:

• “Ritual” indicates that the resins are used in religious or ceremonial contexts, implying symbolic significance.

• “Resins” are sticky substances often extracted from plants and used for various purposes. Ancient cultures may associate them with embalming or preservation rituals in this context.

10. Virtual body:

• “Virtual” denotes something that exists in essence or effect but not actuality, often referring to simulations or digital representations.

• “Body” refers to the physical form of a living organism. The combination suggests a digital or simulated representation of a physical body, often used in medical or technological contexts.

Q2: Here are some commonly used medical terms. Find out their meanings.

A2: The following are the meanings of the medical terms used in the chapter: 

1. CT scan (Computed Tomography scan): A CT scan is a medical imaging procedure that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It provides information about the internal structures, organs, and tissues, helping diagnose and monitor various medical conditions.

2. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): MRI is a medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body’s internal structures. It is particularly useful for imaging soft tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, and joints, and can help diagnose various medical conditions.

3. Tomography: Tomography is a medical imaging technique that generates cross-sectional images of the body by capturing multiple X-ray images from different angles. It helps visualise internal structures and is often used with imaging modalities like CT and MRI scans.

4. Autopsy: An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, is a medical procedure performed after death to determine the cause of death, investigate the extent of disease or injury, and gather medical evidence for legal or research purposes.

5. Dialysis: Dialysis is a medical procedure that removes waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys can no longer adequately perform their function. It is commonly used to treat kidney failure or renal insufficiency.

6. ECG (Electrocardiogram): An ECG is a diagnostic test that records the heart’s electrical activity over time using electrodes placed on the skin. It helps evaluate the heart’s rhythm, rate, and overall function and detect abnormalities such as arrhythmias, heart attacks, and cardiac disorders.

7. Post mortem: Post mortem refers to examining or investigating a body after death, particularly in determining the cause of death and understanding the underlying medical conditions or circumstances surrounding it. It is often performed through autopsy procedures.

8. Angiography: Angiography is a medical imaging technique used to visualise blood vessels in the body. It typically involves injecting a contrast agent into the bloodstream and capturing X-ray images as the contrast material flows through the vessels. This helps diagnose and evaluate blockages, aneurysms, and vascular diseases.

9. Biopsy: A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue or cells is removed from the body for examination under a microscope. Analysing the cellular structure and composition of the tissue sample helps diagnose and characterise various diseases, including cancer, infections, and inflammatory conditions.

Things to do:

(Relating astronomical facts and legends (across the curriculum and finding out botanical correlates.)

Q1: The constellation Orion is associated with the legend of Osiris, the god of the afterlife.

Find out the astronomical descriptions and legends associated with the following.

A1: Following are the astronomical descriptions and legends associated with the astronomical facts and legends:

1. Ursa Major (Saptarishi Mandala):

• Astronomical Description: Ursa Major, also known as the Great Bear, is one of the most prominent constellations visible in the northern hemisphere. It contains seven bright stars that form the shape of a bear, with the asterism known as the Big Dipper being a recognisable part of it.

• Legend (Saptarishi mandala): Ursa Major is associated with the Hindu scriptures’ Seven Sages (Saptarishi) legend. These seven sages are believed to reside in the constellation and represent the seven great saints in Hindu mythology. The position of Ursa Major has ritual significance in Hindu culture, particularly in Vedic astrology.

2. Polaris (Dhruva Tara):

• Astronomical Description: Polaris, also known as the North Star, is a bright star close to the north celestial pole. It remains nearly stationary in the night sky as a reliable navigational reference point for determining direction, especially in the northern hemisphere.

• Legend (Dhruva Tara): In Hindu scriptures, Polaris is associated with the legend of Dhruva, a young prince who meditated intensely to gain Lord Vishnu’s blessings. Impressed by Dhruva’s devotion, Lord Vishnu granted him a place in the heavens as the Pole Star (Dhruva tara), which remains fixed and unchanging amidst the movement of the other stars.

3. Pegasus (Winged Horse):

• Astronomical Description: Pegasus is a large constellation in the northern sky, representing a winged horse from Greek mythology. It is characterised by its distinct square-shaped asterism known as the Great Square of Pegasus.

• Legend (Winged Horse): In Greek mythology, Pegasus is the offspring of the sea god Poseidon and the Gorgon Medusa. According to legend, Pegasus was born from the severed head of Medusa when the hero Perseus killed her. Pegasus is often depicted as a divine creature symbolising inspiration, poetic arts, and the power of imagination.

4. Sirius (Dog Star):

• Astronomical Description: Sirius, also known as the Dog Star, is the brightest star in the night sky. It is located in the constellation Canis Major and is visible from both hemispheres.

• Legend (Dog star): In ancient Egyptian mythology, Sirius was associated with the goddess Isis and was considered a symbol of rebirth and fertility. The appearance of Sirius in the sky was also linked to the annual flooding of the Nile River, which played a crucial role in Egyptian agriculture and civilisation.

5. Gemini (Mithuna):

• Astronomical Description: Gemini is one of the twelve zodiac constellations representing the twins Castor and Pollux from Greek mythology. It is easily identifiable by its two bright stars, Castor and Pollux, named after the mythological twins.

• Legend (Mithuna): In Hindu texts, Gemini is associated with the twins Ashwini Kumaras, who are considered celestial physicians in Hindu cosmology. They are depicted as horse-headed twins and are believed to be the physicians of the gods, possessing the ability to heal and cure diseases.

Q2: Some of the leaves and flowers mentioned in the passage for adorning the dead are willow, olive, celery, lotus, and cornflower. Which of these are common in our country?

A2: Lotus: The lotus flower is native to India and holds significant cultural and religious symbolism in Hinduism, Buddhism, and other Indian traditions.

Q3: Name some leaves and flowers that are used as adornments in our country.

A3: Some leaves and flowers commonly used as adornments in India include:

• Marigolds: Marigolds are used in India for decorative purposes, especially during festivals, weddings, and religious ceremonies.

• Jasmine: Jasmine flowers are highly fragrant and commonly used in garlands, hair adornments, and religious offerings.

• Rose: Roses are popular flowers used for decoration in India, especially during weddings, festivals, and religious ceremonies.

• Hibiscus: Hibiscus flowers are used for decoration, worship, and offerings in temples and households across India.

• Mango leaves: Mango leaves are considered auspicious in Indian culture and are often used in decorative garlands and rituals, especially during weddings and religious ceremonies.

• Banana leaves: Banana leaves are used as plates and decorative elements in various cultural and religious rituals and ceremonies in India.

Extra Questions “Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues”: 

Short Answer Type Questions:

Q1: Why was Tutankhamun taken from his Valley of the King’s tomb in 2005?

A1: Tutankhamun’s removal from his tomb in 2005 was part of a scientific endeavour to conduct a CT scan to unravel the mysteries surrounding his life and death. This initiative sought to employ modern technology to gain insights into the ancient ruler’s health and demise.

Q2: What was the significance of Tutankhamun’s tomb discovery in 1922?

A2: Howard Carter’s 1922 discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb marked a pivotal moment in archaeological history. It revealed a remarkably preserved Egyptian burial site and offered unparalleled insights into ancient Egypt’s customs, beliefs, and material culture during the New Kingdom period.

Q3: What challenges did Howard Carter face when he attempted to access Tutankhamun’s mummy?

A3: Howard Carter encountered significant challenges in accessing Tutankhamun’s mummy due to the hardened ritual resins that adhered it to the inner coffin. Despite his meticulous efforts, including exposing the mummy to sunlight and employing chiselling techniques, Carter faced considerable difficulties extracting the remains.

Q4: How did Tutankhamun’s burial items reflect ancient Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife?

A4: According to ancient Egyptian beliefs, Tutankhamun’s burial items, ranging from precious jewellery to ceremonial artefacts, were meticulously selected to accompany him into the afterlife. These items symbolised the pharaoh’s wealth, status, and readiness for the eternal journey, ensuring his comfort and prosperity in the world beyond.

Q5: What technological advancements allowed a more detailed examination of Tutankhamun’s mummy in 2005?

A5: Using computed tomography (CT) scanning technology in 2005 enabled a comprehensive and non-invasive examination of Tutankhamun’s mummy. This cutting-edge technology produced thousands of digital X-ray images, facilitating detailed analyses of the mummy’s anatomy, pathology, and overall condition.

Q6: Why was Tutankhamun’s death significant in ancient Egyptian history?

A6: Tutankhamun’s untimely death held profound significance in ancient Egyptian history. It marked the end of a dynasty and a political and religious upheaval period. His demise left questions regarding succession and governance unanswered, shaping Egyptian society’s trajectory during a critical juncture.

Q7: What were some key findings from the CT scan of Tutankhamun’s mummy?

A7: The CT scan of Tutankhamun’s mummy revealed intriguing anomalies, including missing breastbone and front ribs, hinting at possible trauma or congenital abnormalities. These findings provided valuable clues regarding the circumstances surrounding Tutankhamun’s life and death, prompting further forensic analysis and speculation among researchers.

Q8: How did the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb influence the field of archaeology?

A8: The discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb revolutionised archaeology by sparking renewed interest in ancient Egypt and its rich cultural heritage. It prompted a shift from treasure-oriented excavations to more meticulous and scientific approaches, laying the foundation for modern archaeological methodologies and interdisciplinary research.

Q9: What challenges were faced during the CT scanning process of Tutankhamun’s mummy?

A9: The CT scanning process of Tutankhamun’s mummy presented several technical challenges, including sand interfering with the scanner’s cooling system. Despite these setbacks, the dedication and expertise of the technicians ensured the successful completion of the scan, yielding invaluable data for scholarly analysis and interpretation.

Q10: How did Tutankhamun’s burial reflect ancient Egyptian religious beliefs?

A10: Tutankhamun’s elaborate burial rituals and rich offerings reflected the profound religious beliefs of ancient Egypt, particularly concerning the afterlife and the preservation of the soul. His tomb, filled with treasures and provisions for the journey to eternity, epitomised the Egyptians’ fervent belief in immortality and divine judgment.

Q11: How did the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 resonate globally?

A11: The discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb captivated the world’s imagination and sparked widespread fascination with ancient Egyptian civilisation. The discovery of an ancient tomb became a hot topic around the globe, catching people’s attention everywhere and reigniting a passion for learning about history, culture, and archaeology.

The stunning treasures found within Tutankhamun’s tomb, particularly his iconic golden mask, became symbols of Egypt’s rich past and captured the public’s imagination, inspiring art, literature, and popular culture for generations to come.

Q12: What role did Tutankhamun play in shaping perceptions of ancient Egypt?

A12: Tutankhamun’s reign and the discovery of his tomb reshaped perceptions of ancient Egypt, transforming it from a distant and enigmatic civilisation to a tangible and awe-inspiring reality. The riches found within his tomb provided tangible evidence of Egypt’s grandeur and artistic sophistication, while Tutankhamun became a symbol of the mysteries and splendours of the ancient world. 

His story captured the public’s imagination and fueled a global fascination with Egyptology, inspiring countless individuals to explore the wonders of ancient Egypt and its enduring legacy.

Q13: How did CT scanning technology revolutionise the study of ancient human remains?

A13: CT scanning technology revolutionised the study of ancient human remains by offering noninvasive methods for examining mummies and skeletal remains. CT scans provide detailed insights into ancient individuals’ anatomical structures, pathologies, and preservation status without the need for invasive procedures that could damage fragile specimens. 

This technology allows researchers to reconstruct ancient individuals’ lives, health and even causes of death with unprecedented precision, shedding new light on past civilisations and human experiences.

Q14: What implications did the findings from Tutankhamun’s CT scan have on historical interpretations?

A14: The findings from Tutankhamun’s CT scan sparked intense debate and speculation among historians, archaeologists, and medical experts regarding the circumstances of his life and death. The discovery of anomalies such as missing breastbone and front ribs raised questions about possible injuries, diseases, or genetic conditions that may have affected Tutankhamun’s health. 

These revelations challenged previous assumptions and opened new avenues for research, prompting scholars to reevaluate existing historical narratives and explore alternative theories about Tutankhamun’s reign and demise.

Q15: How did the meticulous preservation of Tutankhamun’s burial items reflect ancient Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife?

A15: The meticulous preservation of Tutankhamun’s burial items reflected ancient Egyptian beliefs in the afterlife and the importance of ensuring the deceased’s comfort and eternal prosperity. Each item, from precious jewellery to everyday objects, was carefully selected and ritually prepared to accompany Tutankhamun on his journey to the afterlife. 

Including practical items like food, clothing, and games demonstrated the Egyptians’ belief in continuity between earthly life and the next realm, where the deceased would require familiar comforts and necessities.

Q16: What enduring legacy did Tutankhamun leave on modern archaeology and cultural heritage preservation?

A16: Tutankhamun’s legacy extends far beyond the treasures found within his tomb. He shaped the practice of archaeology and the conservation of cultural heritage worldwide. His discovery revolutionised archaeological methodologies, inspiring a shift towards more systematic and interdisciplinary approaches to excavation and research. 

Moreover, Tutankhamun’s tomb highlighted the importance of cultural heritage preservation and sparked global efforts to safeguard archaeological sites and artefacts for future generations. His story continues to inspire curiosity, exploration, and appreciation for the wonders of the ancient world, reinforcing the timeless relevance of Egypt’s rich cultural legacy.

Long Answer Type Questions: 

Q1: What challenges did Howard Carter face when attempting to retrieve Tut’s mummy from its solid gold coffin?

A1: Howard Carter encountered significant challenges when retrieving Tutankhamun’s mummy from its solid gold coffin. The ritual resins used in the mummification process had hardened, effectively cementing Tut to the bottom of the coffin. They remained stubbornly intact despite Carter’s efforts to use the sun’s heat to loosen the resins. This necessitated the use of chisels to carefully remove the material beneath Tut’s limbs and trunk, allowing his remains to be raised. 

Carter and his team had to contend with the risk of theft, as leaving the mummy intact would have made it vulnerable to plunderers aiming to steal the valuable gold artefacts buried with Tut. Thus, they decided to separate Tut from his adornments, which further complicated the process of removing the mummy from the coffin.

Q2: What technological advancements have transformed the field of archaeology since the discovery of King Tut’s tomb?

A2: Since the discovery of King Tut’s tomb, archaeology has witnessed transformative technological advancements. One notable advancement is in diagnostic imaging, particularly computed tomography (CT). CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of artefacts and human remains without requiring invasive procedures, allowing researchers to study them in unprecedented detail. 

Furthermore, advances in remote sensing technologies like LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) enable archaeologists to survey and map large areas quickly and accurately, revealing hidden structures and landscapes beneath the earth’s surface. 

DNA analysis techniques have also revolutionised the study of ancient populations, providing insights into migration patterns, kinship, and genetic traits. These technological innovations have greatly enhanced archaeological research, enabling scholars to unravel mysteries and gain a deeper understanding of ancient civilisations like never before.

Q3: What was the purpose of the CT scan performed on King Tut’s remains?

A3: The CT scan performed on King Tut’s remains served multiple purposes. Firstly, it aimed to unravel lingering medical mysteries surrounding the young ruler’s life and death, offering insights into his health, injuries, and potential causes of death. Secondly, the scan provided precise data for an accurate forensic reconstruction of Tutankhamun’s appearance, allowing researchers to create a detailed virtual representation of the boyish pharaoh. 

The scan sought to probe the secrets preserved within Tut’s mummified body, shedding light on the embalming techniques and revealing hidden artefacts or anomalies. Through noninvasive examination and analysis of his remains, the CT scan played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of King Tutankhamun’s life, death, and the cultural practices of ancient Egypt.

Q4: What unexpected technical issue arose during the CT scanning process, and how was it resolved?

A4: An unexpected technical issue arose during the CT scanning of King Tut’s remains.

• The issue stemmed from sand entering a cooler fan of the million-dollar scanner, causing it to malfunction.

• This unforeseen problem halted the scanning procedure temporarily, leading to concerns among the technicians and supervisors.

• To address the issue, technicians swiftly procured a pair of white plastic fans to substitute the malfunctioning cooler fan.

• Despite initial setbacks, the substitute fans effectively enabled CT scan completion without significant data loss.

• The technicians ensured the scanning process resumed smoothly after resolving the technical glitch.

Ultimately, the issue was managed efficiently, allowing the team to obtain crucial insights into King Tut’s remains and complete the CT scan.

Q5: Who supervised the CT scan of King Tut’s mummy, and what was his reaction to the procedure’s completion?

A5: Zahi Hawass, the Secretary General of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, supervised the CT scan of King Tut’s mummy. Upon the procedure’s completion, Hawass displayed visible relief and satisfaction. He admitted to feeling worried and unable to sleep the night before, reflecting the immense pressure of such a significant undertaking. 

However, Hawass’s demeanour shifted as the technicians successfully concluded the CT scan without any significant issues. He expressed his relief, acknowledging that his concerns had been alleviated. Hawass’s reaction highlighted the importance of the CT scan in unravelling the mysteries surrounding King Tutankhamun’s life and death and the meticulous efforts involved in preserving and studying Egypt’s rich archaeological heritage.

Q6: What symbolic significance does the constellation Orion hold in relation to Tutankhamun’s burial site?

A6: The constellation Orion holds symbolic significance in relation to Tutankhamun’s burial site. In ancient Egyptian mythology, Orion was associated with Osiris, the god of the afterlife and rebirth. Osiris was believed to judge the souls of the deceased and oversee their journey to the afterlife. 

The constellation’s presence above Tutankhamun’s tomb, particularly identified as the soul of Osiris, suggests a connection between the pharaoh’s burial and the soul’s journey into the afterlife. 

It signifies the belief in the continuation of life after death and the hope for resurrection. The ancient Egyptians carefully aligned their burial sites and rituals with celestial bodies, reflecting their deep spiritual beliefs and reverence for the cosmos.

Q7: What significant event occurred on January 5, 2005, concerning King Tut’s remains?

A7: On January 5, 2005, a significant event occurred concerning King Tut’s remains. This event marked the first time in almost 80 years that King Tutankhamun’s mummy was taken from its resting place in the Valley of the Kings for a CT scan. 

The scan aimed to unravel medical mysteries surrounding Tut’s life and death, offering insights into his health, potential causes of death, and embalming techniques. The CT scan generated 1,700 digital X-ray images in cross-section, providing detailed information about Tut’s anatomy and physical condition. 

This milestone allowed researchers to conduct non-invasive examinations and analysis of the mummy, advancing our understanding of ancient Egyptian culture and the life of one of its most famous pharaohs.

(Source of the Chapter Text: National Geographic, Vol 207, No. 6)

MCQs- “Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues”

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